Challenges related to defining the role of progesterone in breast physiology and neoplasia include: complex interactions with estrogens and other hormones (e.g., androgens, prolactin, etc.), accounting for timing of blood collections for hormone measurements among cycling women, and limitations of assays to measure progesterone metabolites in blood and progesterone receptor isotypes (PRs) in tissues.
According to a univariate analysis, fine pleomorphic/fine linear or linear-branching calcification morphology on mammography, parallel orientation on ultrasound, intratumoral high signal intensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, progesterone receptor negativity, and high levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with pCR.
Expression patterns of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Ki67 were compared in primary tumors and bone or bone marrow lesions.
We found that k3, Ki and MRFDG were significantly higher in higher grade (p = 0.0246, 0.0089 and 0.0076, respectively), progesterone-receptor negative (p = 0.0344, 0.0217 and 0.0132) and highly-proliferating (p = 0.0414, 0.0193 and 0.0271) tumors as well as in triple-negative and hormone-receptor negative/HER2-positive subtypes (p = 0.0310, 0.0280 and 0.0186).
The purpose in this study was to compare the discordance in estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) between primary and recurrent/metastatic lesions (RML) and also to evaluate the prognostic significance of change in tumor phenotype on survival in patients with metastatic BC.
We suggest, that a high concentration of heparanase next to tumour size and oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression may serve as an indicator of a more an aggressive character of tumour cells and a shorter survival rate.
Influence of ODXRS on staging is limited to T2N0 tumors that are either GR 3 and strongly ER<sup>+</sup> and PR<sup>+</sup> or GR 1-2 and ER<sup>+</sup>/PR-.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used to analyze estrogen receptor 1 (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) that can help classify the tumor to guide the medical treatment.
Tumours with the infiltrating pattern were associated with high FIGO grade (P = 0.002), reduced ER and PR, and CD44 expression (P = 0.014, 0.026, and 0.030, respectively); those with a MELF pattern showed LN metastasis (P < 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.011), and reduced ER, CD44, and CD133 expression (P = 0.036, 0.006, and 0.016, respectively).
In G2 tumors, MCpt correlated with ER (p=0.015) and PR (p=0.038) while in G3 tumors ER correlated with both MCit (p=0.009) and MCpt (p=0.000487) tumors.
We found that the tumor type that was positive for only the progesterone receptor and negative for both the estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (1.3% of all cases) had a proliferative activity that was consistently much higher than those of the other luminal subtypes.
<b>Principal conclusions:</b> Tumor-associated MUC1 is a very important biomarker for breast cancer next to the traditional markers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER/2-neu.
The associations between mammographic casting-type calcification and other clinicopathological factors, including tumor size, node status, grade, progesterone receptor (PR) status, estrogen receptor (ER) status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, were analyzed.
Increased pretreatment AAPR level was related to age at diagnosis (≥60 years vs <60 years, <i>P</i>=0.000), tumor size (T≤2 cm vs T>2 cm, <i>P</i>=0.034), estrogen receptor (positive vs negative, <i>P</i>=0.022), progesterone receptor (positive vs negative, <i>P</i>=0.025), carcino-embryonic antigen (abnormal vs normal, <i>P</i>=0.016), surgery (lumpectomy vs mastectomy, <i>P</i>=0.002), chemotherapy (yes vs no, <i>P</i>=0.004), radiotherapy (yes vs no, <i>P</i>=0.013), endocrine therapy (yes vs no, <i>P</i>=0.027) but not with lymph node involvement, HER-2 status or CA-153.
<i>PIK3CA</i> mutations were associated with the estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-positive (ER<sup>+</sup>/PR<sup>+</sup>) group of tumors in contrast to the ER<sup>-</sup>/PR<sup>-</sup> group (P=0.021).
FN cases were more frequently estrogen receptor positive (P<0.001), progesterone receptor positive (P=0.001), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative (P=0.009) and histologic grade 1 (P=0.015), which most likely reflects the lower rates of pathologic complete response in these tumors.
The discordance rates of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 protein expression were 18.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.9-28.8%), 36.4% (95% CI: 23.7-49.1%), and 8.2% (95% CI: 0.1-16.3%), respectively, between the primary tumor and metastatic lesion.
There were statistically significant differences between different IHC intrinsic subtypes regarding tumor size (p=0.001), estrogen receptor (ER) status (p=0.001), progesterone receptor (PR) status (p=0.001), HER2 status (p=0.001) and Ki67 proliferation index (p=0.001).