In particular Asian subjects with the DD genotype (and increased ACE activity) have been reported to be at higher risk for cardiovascular disorders and nephropathy.
When pooling control with diabetic subjects, ACE genotype could still be significantly associated with dyslipidemia (II/ID/DD = 34.7/41.3/52.2%, P < 0.001) and albuminuria or more advanced nephropathy (20.3/28.9/33.1%, P < 0.001).
These results indicate a significant relationship between the presence of the D allele polymorphism in the ACE gene and ADR in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes and no overt nephropathy.
Cases with diabetic nephropathy had a significantly higher frequency of the MTHFR 677 TT, 677 CT, ACE DD mutant genotypes compared with diabetic cases without nephropathy.
An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme has previously been studied extensively in relationship to cardiovascular and renal disease.
Our findings in the DCCT/EDIC cohort provide strong evidence that genetic variation at the ACE gene is associated with the development of nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes.
The ACE genotype distributions were not different in diabetic subjects with or without nephropathy (12:9:10 vs 11:10:7, p = 0.78) and derived allele frequencies were also similar (0.532:0.468 vs 0.571:0.429, p = 0.81).
We determined the distribution frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in 111 Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) of at least 10 years duration (80 patients with diabetic nephropathy and 31 patients without nephropathy) and 76 healthy Japanese controls.
The ACE DD genotype is a risk factor for the development of renal disease in Mexican Mestizo females with type 2 diabetes, indicating a possible DD genotype-associated sex effect in renal disease.
An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been extensively studied in relation to cardiovascular and renal disease, and lung fibrosis.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism determines the antiproteinuric and systemic hemodynamic effect of enalapril in patients with proteinuric renal disease. Austrian Study Group of the Effects of Enalapril Treatment in Proteinuric Renal Disease.
There was no significant difference in the distribution of ACE I/D genotypes between patients with and without nephropathy, retinopathy and hypertension except for patients with and without neuropathy.
Participants from the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension trial randomized to the ACE inhibitor ramipril (n = 347) were genotyped at three polymorphisms on ACE, just downstream from the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism (Ins/Del): G12269A, C17888T, and G20037A.
However, when the patients were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and/or angiotensin receptor blocker, or corticosteroid, homozygosity for the -2518A allele was not associated with a higher rate of incidence of endstage renal disease.
Association of the ADRB2 (rs2053044) polymorphism and angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor blood pressure response in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension.
Among the hypertensive patients, nephropathy (microalbuminuria and albuminuria) was more common (P < .001) in those with the ACE DD genotype than in those with other genotypes.
In a hospital cohort study, we examined whether or not ACE (Angiotensin-I converting enzyme) and AGT (Angiotensinogen) gene polymorphisms were associated with the development of nephropathy in long-term Japanese insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with or without proliferative retinopathy, and whether or not the polymorphisms were associated with an arteriosclerotic family history in first degree relatives of the patients.
Two variants within the ACE gene (rs4293, P(allelic) =0.02, P(genotypic) =0.008; rs4309, P(allelic) =0.02, P(genotypic) =0.01) were significantly associated with nephropathy at the 5% level.
Beside the large number of studies aimed at evaluating the role of polymorphisms in these genes, particularly in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, in development of renal disease, no clear-cut evidence has been provided until now.