Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphisms have been suggested to be associated with many pathological conditions including cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and type 2 diabetes.
Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphism generates three common human genotypes (Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2), having functional differences, related to the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases.
Although no association between haptoglobin genotype and the presence of cardiovascular disease could be identified, we found a significant excess of patients with Hp2-1 genotype among those with refractory hypertension, who also had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total and LDL cholesterol levels.
Application of pharmacogenomics in the prevention of diabetic cardiovascular disease: mechanistic basis and clinical evidence for utilization of the haptoglobin genotype in determining benefit from antioxidant therapy.
Linear multiple regression showed some biological (Na+/Li+ CTR and MetHbRed) and genetic parameters (haptoglobin and family history of cardiovascular disease) to be stronger determinants of systolic blood pressure.
Recently, studies have shown significant association between the rs2000999 polymorphism in the haptoglobin-encoding gene (HP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, which are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
The haptoglobin 2-2 polymorphism is associated with increased production of oxygen free radicals and reduces levels of vitamin E and C; the consequent elevated risk for cardiovascular disease can be prevented by vitamin E supplementation.
There exists a common allelic polymorphism in the haptoglobin gene, which has recently been strongly associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in multiple independent cohorts.
These results suggest that haptoglobin phenotype is an important risk factor in determining susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which may be mediated by the decreased antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions of the haptoglobin 2 allelic protein product.
This manuscript presents an overview of the biology of the haptoglobin genotype and reviews the literature concerning its role in the development of cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes mellitus.
To understand the relationship between the Hp polymorphism and diabetic CVD, we sought to identify differences in antioxidant and scavenging functions between the Hp types and to determine how these functions were modified in diabetes.
Two common alleles exist at the haptoglobin (Hp) locus, and the Hp2 allele is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, specifically in diabetes mellitus (DM).
We have recently demonstrated in multiple independent population-based longitudinal and cross sectional analyses that the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype is associated with an increased risk for diabetic cardiovascular disease.
We review the biological mechanisms underlying the interaction between the Hp genotype and DM on CVD and the accumulating evidence in favor of Hp genotyping all individuals with DM and providing antioxidant vitamin E supplementation specifically to Hp 2-2 DM individuals to reduce their CVD morbidity and mortality.