Thus, restricted populations of T cells capable of responding to TCGF/IL2/IL4, presumably reflecting in vivo activated cells, are compartmentalized in the nervous system in MS.
Additionally neither IL4 nor IL4R genes are susceptibility factors for Brazilian MS but may be able to modify ethnicity-dependent disease risk and penetrance of susceptibility factors.
These DCs, which are with strong immunoregulatory characteristics and are functional in down-modulation of MS-like-disease displayed increased production of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β and low IL-12.
The results of this study suggest that intron 3 VNTR polymorphism of the IL-4 gene was positively associated with predisposition to develop MS in Turkish population.
Surprisingly, these changes which favour a beneficial, disease-downregulating effect of IL-4 and TGF-beta in MS, were found to be confined to HLA-Dw2-positive patients.
There are mononuclear cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS that produce interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in response to myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP).
IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, AOPP, and NOx levels were significantly higher and IL-4 lower in MS patients with a higher 2011 EDSS scores (≥3) as compared with those with EDSS < 3.
We have previously shown that short-term herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated IL4 gene therapy is able to inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, in mice and non-human primates.
The results suggest that IFN-gamma, IL-4 as well as TGF-beta are involved in both ON and MS, and that the cytokine profile in early MS as reflected by ON is not different from that in clinically definite MS.
Protection from autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis has been achieved with IL-4 therapy and IL-4 deficient mice developed a more severe form of clinical disease.
We assessed the relationship of stimulated PBMC-produced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 in modulating relapse risk using a prospective cohort with established relapsing-remitting MS.
MS-associated biallelic combinations of haplogroup J with the alleles CCL5 rs2107538*A, PVT1 rs2114358*G, TNFSF14 rs1077667*C, and IL4 rs2243250*C, which were not associated with MS individually, were identified.