Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression is strongly correlated with the degree of human glioma malignancy and necessary for tumor formation in a mouse model of spontaneous astrocytomas.
Accordingly, the short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of interferon regulatory factor 7 in glioma stem cells markedly suppressed interleukin 6-Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-mediated Jagged-Notch-signalling pathway, leading to decreases in glioma stem cell marker expression, tumoursphere-forming ability, and tumorigenicity.
Both essential oils showed activity against grade IV glioma cell lines (IC<sub>50</sub> = 400 <i>μ</i>g/mL), antimicrobial (MIC and MFC values of 2500 to 125 <i>μ</i>g/mL), and anti-inflammatory (decreased level of IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6, TNF-<i>α</i>, and IFN-<i>γ</i> in LPS-stimulated cells).The essential oils exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in ABTS (EC<sub>50</sub> = 98 and 88 <i>μ</i>g/mL) assay.
Furthermore, expression of known tumor progression genes identified in the screen (IL-6 and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61) as well as potential regulators (lumican and F-box-only 6) follow similar patterns in patient glioma.
Injection of IL-22 increased the severity of glioma <i>in vivo</i> and higher expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in the brain using ELISA following IL-22 injection.
In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that pCDPI can overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deeply penetrate into orthotopic glioma in mice, to inhibit IL-6-induced cell proliferation and achieve imaging-guided targeted drug delivery.
It can be inferred from these findings that IL-6 gene expression is related to glioma aggressiveness and that IL-6 may play a central role in GBM behavior.
Our results suggest that glioma stem cells are likely to be the major tumor source of immunosuppressive cytokines interleukin-6 and thereby play a crucial role in determining glioma malignancy, immunosuppression and immune evasion.
Peripheral blood from 205 treatment-naïve patients with glioma (GBM = 145; non-GBM = 60) was obtained on the day of surgery to measure (i) circulating T-cells reacting to viral antigens and TAAs, in the presence or absence of cytokine conditioning with IL-2/IL-15/IL-21 or IL-2/IL-7, and (ii) serum cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A).
Psychosine potentiated the LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) in primary rat astrocytes and regulated the cytokine-mediated production of NO in C6 glioma and primary rat astrocyte.
Recombinant IL-6 enhanced the invasiveness of glioma cells when these were cultured alone, whereas a neutralizing antibody to IL-6 attenuated the microglia-stimulated glioma invasiveness.
Six genes independently correlated with either age (IL-6, TNFRSF-11B, IGFBP-3, SAA4, and COPG), prognosis (IL-6, SAA4), or the grade of the glioma (IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, IGFBP-3, and COPG).
The effect of hBMVEC on C6 glioma sCp expression at the level of transcript and protein was repressed via the addition of IL-1β and IL-6 pathway inhibitors (IL-1 receptor antagonist protein and SC144, respectively).
The IL4 (rs2243248, -1098T>G) and IL6 (rs1800795, -174G>C) polymorphisms were significantly associated with risk of glioma in the pooled analysis (P trend = 0.006 and 0.04, respectively), although these became attenuated after controlling for the false discovery rate (P trend = 0.07 and 0.22, respectively).