These latter two variants are associated with T2D (risk haplotype GG; odds ratio 2.67; 95% CI 2.32-3.08; P = 2.43 × 10<sup>-4</sup>) in genome-wide association data (N = 402), but are more strongly associated with quantitative traits (DBP, SBP, ACR, eGFR) for hypertension and renal function in non-diabetic than diabetic subgroups.
After excluding variants at the CUBN locus, known to alter ACR via effects on renal absorption, an ACR genetic risk score was associated with a higher risk of hypertension, and less strongly, type 2 diabetes and stroke.
In contrast, among those with low levels of ACR, reporting more chronic racial discrimination was associated with lower hypertension prevalence, although results were less precise.