This arrest in metastatic potential of breast cancer cells suggests the contribution of ERβ in the induction of a more aggressive phenotype in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on ESR1 and ESR2 genes have been associated with a range of hormone sensitive diseases such as breast cancer and osteoporosis.
This supports continued efforts to understand the nature and function of ERβ in breast cancer, but it also suggests that ER status may need to be redefined to include an assessment of ERβ isoforms in addition to ERα.
These findings underscore the need to further elucidate the role of ERβ in the biology and treatment of breast cancer and suggest that the importance of pharmacologic variation in endoxifen concentrations may differ according to ERβ expression.
Overall, our studies for the first time revealed that TRPV2 might be a good prognostic marker for TNBC and ERβ- breast cancer patient especially for those who are treated with chemotherapy.
Together with estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates important pathophysiological signaling pathways induced by estrogens and is currently regarded as a promising target for ER-negative (ER-) and triple-negative (TN) breast cancer.
Association of oestrogen receptor beta 2 (ER beta 2/ER beta cx) with outcome of adjuvant endocrine treatment for primary breast cancer--a retrospective study.
These data reveal the involvement of cystatins in suppressing breast cancer progression and highlight the value of ERβ-targeted therapies for the treatment of TNBC patients.
To better understand the mechanisms in which ERbeta can modulate breast cancer therapies, we introduced ERbeta under an inducible promoter into MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
This transfection assay provides an excellent model to evaluate the activation of ERalpha and ERbeta by different phytoestrogens in a breast cancer context and can be used as a screening bioassay tool to evaluate the estrogenic activity of extracts of herbs and foods.
On the other hand, it has been recently shown that knockdown of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) in low invasive MCF-7 (ERα+) breast cancer cells and the suppression of ERβ in highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 (ERβ+) cells significantly alter the functional properties of breast cancer cells and the gene expression profile of matrix macromolecules related to cancer progression and cell morphology.
Expression of the forkhead box transcription factor FOXP1 is associated with oestrogen receptor alpha, oestrogen receptor beta and improved survival in familial breast cancers.
GEN exerts its functions through its interaction with the estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, and we previously reported that the ERα/ERβ ratio is an important factor to consider in GEN-treated breast cancer cells.
The main challenges now are to develop highly selective anti-ERβ antibodies that are applied to large well characterized human breast cancer samples to validate their diagnostic potential and to explore ERβ-selective agonists in animal models of breast cancer to validate their therapeutic potential.
Natural phytochemicals modulate oxidative stress, leptin, integrin, HER2, MAPK, ERK, Wnt/β-catenin and NFκB signaling along with regulating ERα and ERβ, thereby presenting unique opportunities for both primary and combinatorial interventions in BC.