The expression of CXC12/CXCR4 has not been previously examined in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN), the accepted precursor lesions to pancreatic duct cancer.
This review gives a short overview of the physiology and pathology of chemokines and chemokine receptors and then focuses on the current experience of targeting CXCR4, using radiolabeled receptor ligands suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, in both hematologic and solid malignancy as well as in inflammatory conditions.
Differential PUFA metabolites in serum were considered a key factor to alter cancer cell travelling to lung, and we found that n-6 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid induced CXCR4 protein expression although n-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased CXCR4 levels.
These cells express two prominent markers-the oncogene EWS/FLI1 and the chemokine receptorCXCR4, which is used as a target of treatment in several types of cancer.
In this study, we investigate the effect of cyclophosphamide on cancer cell migration and its correlation to chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4), a biomarker for cancer metastasis.
Ingenuity Pathways Analysis indicated that three genes belonging to the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) pathway were downregulated only in muscles atrophying because of cancer: stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), adenylate cyclase 7 (ADCY7), and p21 protein-activated kinase 1 (PAK1).
Evidence suggests that the CXC-chemokine receptor-4 pathway plays a role in cancer cell homing and metastasis, and thus represents a potential target for cancer therapy.
CXCR4 is involved in various diseases such as inflammation, tumor growth, and cancer metastasis through the interaction with its natural endogenous ligand, chemokine CXCL12.
For this purpose, chemokine receptors are proper targets and among them, CXCR4 and CCR7, with a crucial role in cancer metastasis, are being considered as desired candidates for investigation.
The level wherein CXCR4 is up-regulated in cancer patients and its relation to the different cell lines and animal models used to evaluate the efficacy of the imaging agents is also discussed (221 references).
Our results showed that L1 peptide carrier modified with CXCR4 ligand is a promising tool for targeted siRNA delivery into CXCR4-expressing cancer and endothelial cells.
Tumor-promoting factors (CXCR4, MMP-9, NF-κB) were significantly increased in the proliferating and invasive compared to the adherent cells, however HCT116R cells overexpressed factors in comparison to the parental HCT116, suggesting an increase in malignancy behavior.
Because the conjugate polyplexes retained the ability of rPAMD to inhibit CXCR4 and restrict cancer cell invasion, the developed systems show promise for future combination anti-metastatic siRNA therapies of cancer.
We have synthesized numerous guanide, biguanide, phenylguanide, and naphthylguanide compounds that bind to CXCR4 at the CXCL12-binding site and thus should prevent CXCR4-facilitated cancer metastasis.
Analysis of cancer samples in different disease stages also suggests that some GPCRs, such as endothelin receptor A, may be involved in early tumor progression and others, such as CXCR4, may play a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis.