The C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C‑X‑C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis is involved in tumour development and metastatic spread in many types of cancer and previous data have demonstrated a pivotal role of CXCR4 in SS cell migration and invasion.
The chemokine receptorCXCR4 is an attractive therapeutic target in cancer because it mediates metastasis by inducing cancer cell and macrophage migration.
We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events.
CXCR4 as a chemokine receptor has been found to be upregulated in cancer metastasis and has been used as a prognostic marker in various types of cancer, including leukemia, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.
This review gives a short overview of the physiology and pathology of chemokines and chemokine receptors and then focuses on the current experience of targeting CXCR4, using radiolabeled receptor ligands suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, in both hematologic and solid malignancy as well as in inflammatory conditions.
Differential PUFA metabolites in serum were considered a key factor to alter cancer cell travelling to lung, and we found that n-6 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid induced CXCR4 protein expression although n-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased CXCR4 levels.
Because the conjugate polyplexes retained the ability of rPAMD to inhibit CXCR4 and restrict cancer cell invasion, the developed systems show promise for future combination anti-metastatic siRNA therapies of cancer.
Correction: Screening of cancer tissue arrays identifies CXCR4 on adrenocortical carcinoma: correlates with expression and quantification on metastases using <sup>64</sup>Cu-plerixafor PET.
Several promising CXCR4 antagonists have been shown to halt tumor metastasis in preclinical studies, and clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of these agents in patients with cancer are ongoing.
Given the pleiotropic role of CXCR4 in cancer biology, we anticipate continuous interest in this target, particularly in the testing of therapeutic combinations for immuno-oncology.
This review addresses the important roles of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in homeostasis, specially focusing in hematopoiesis, as well as it provides a picture of CXCR4 as mediator of cancer cell spreading, and a view of the available CXCR4 antagonists in different cancer types.
Moreover, MMP9 and TP53 demonstrated a strong correlation with MUC16 whereas CDKN2A and OPN showed correlation with CXCL12/CXCR4 signifying that MUC16, CXCL12/CXCR4 might be involved in the complex process of cancer metastasis.