Further, follow-up from <i>in vitro</i> analysis suggested that the antiapoptosis Bcl2 protein, proliferation-related cyclin D1 protein, and CSC-associated Hes1, Notch1, Nanog, and Sox2 proteins are enhanced during infection or ectopic expression of HCV core protein.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Endoglin plays a crucial role in fibrogenesis and angiogenesis and is an important protein for tumor growth, survival, and cancer cell metastasis.
By using a mouse model in which BRaf<sup>V600E</sup> mutation cooperates with Pten loss to induce the development of metastatic melanoma, we investigated if Sox2 is required during the process of melanomagenesis, melanoma growth and metastasis and in the acquisition of resistance to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) treatments.
In this study we investigate the role of SOX2 in breast cancer metastasis using multiple in vitro and in vivo assays including cell culture, shRNA-mediated knockdown, wound healing, colony formation, transwell chamber, xenograft and tail vein injection.
Thus, our data indicate that linc00617 functions as an important regulator of EMT and promotes breast cancer progression and metastasis via activating the transcription of Sox2.
The results suggest that (i) serumfree suspension cultivation is non-toxic and a convenient way for isolating the ECSCs, and is not limited to specific surface markers; (ii) Ishikawa cells can be used as an effective source of ECSCs, and the obtained ECSCs expressing the pluripotent stem cells markers CD44, CD133, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog; (iii) ECSCs originated from Ishikawa cells showed an increased ability to invasion and metastasis in vitro, and exhibited a high proliferative capacity and pluripotency in vivo and vitro.
Our study aimed to investigate the silencing effects of SOX2 expression using RNA interference (RNAi) on various biological processes in laryngeal cancer TU212 cells, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis.
Depleting YAP1 reduced the expression of multiple epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and prevented the growth and metastasis of tumor xenografts in mice; overexpression of Sox2 in YAP1 null cells rescued these functions.
Micropapillary carcinomas were characterized by more frequent lymphovascular invasion (P<0.0001) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.0001), higher pathological T and tumor node metastasis stages (P=0.047 and P=0.001), and more frequent SOX2 (P=0.038) and NOTCH3 expressions (P=0.005).
Here, we disclosed that SOX2 improves metastasis of breast and prostate cancer cells by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through WNT/β-catenin, but not TGF-β or Snail1 signaling.
Within squamous cell carcinomas of one cohort, SOX2 amplification was associated with lower tumor grade, while higher levels of SOX2 expression were related to younger age, smaller tumor size, and lower probability of angiolymphatic invasion and metastasis.