In conclusion, our findings identify a novel molecular mechanism whereby the activation of AIM2 could lead to the activation of the non-canonical inflammasome (caspase-4 dependent) that induces the release of IL-1α responsible for the release of TGF-β from PBMCs of IPF patients.
These findings suggest that p38 МАРК participates in the pathogenesis of EMT through Wnt pathway and that p38 МАРК may be a novel target for IPF therapy.
For rs62025270, the allele A associated with increased susceptibility to IPF was also associated with increased expression of AKAP13 mRNA in lung tissue from patients who had lung resection procedures (n=1111).
These findings suggested that FMP-1 attenuate cellular oxidative stress through PI3K/AKT pathway, and FMP-1 could be explored as natural potential antioxidants to lower oxidative stress relevant to the progression of IPF.
Similar levels of miR‑29a and miR‑185 were detected in IPF and LC while their common targets AKT1 and DNMT3b were not found to differ, suggesting potential pathogenetic similarities at the level of key epigenetic regulators.
Furthermore, higher phosphorylation of AKT and NF-κB p65 in IPF patient samples and murine samples was verified by immunohistochemistry while SAC could decrease the phosphorylation level of AKT and NF-κB p65 in mice stimulated with BLM.
Collectively, these results indicate that AKT2 modulates pulmonary fibrosis through inducing TGF-β1 and IL-13 production by macrophages, and inhibition of AKT2 may be a potential strategy for treating IPF.
Concordant pathways between COPD and IPF included extracellular matrix remodeling, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and ALK pathways, whereas discordant pathways included advanced glycosylation end product receptor signaling and telomere maintenance and extension pathways.
It has previously been demonstrated in experimental models of inflammation, that 5-LO is activated through intracellular translocation of the pre-formed enzyme, and increased constitutive activation of 5-LO has been demonstrated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
A role for the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family member X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) has been suggested by prior studies showing that (1) XIAP is localized to fibroblastic foci in IPF tissue and (2) prostaglandin E₂ suppresses XIAP expression while increasing fibroblast susceptibility to apoptosis.
A role for the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family member X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) has been suggested by prior studies showing that (1) XIAP is localized to fibroblastic foci in IPF tissue and (2) prostaglandin E₂ suppresses XIAP expression while increasing fibroblast susceptibility to apoptosis.
A set of three most significantly upregulated proteins (HBB, CRP and SERPINA1) and four most significantly downregulated proteins (APOA2, AHSG, KNG1 and AMBP) were selected for validation in an independent cohort of IPF and other lung diseases using ELISA test.
In conclusion, our findings indicate that Ang-(1-7) directly inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in alveolar epithelial cells via disruption of TGF-β1-Smad signaling pathway, contributing to the protective effect against IPF.
In conclusion, a suppression of the angiogenetic factor Ang-1 was observed at the protein level in IPF which may be important in the pathogenesis of this devastating disease.
The serum levels of Ang-2 were higher in AE-IIPs and ALI/ARDS patients than in IPF patients and HVs; the BALF levels of Ang-2 were also higher than in IPF patients.
Airway expression of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Vanniloid-1 and Ankyrin-1 channels is not increased in patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Upregulation of miR-9 or silencing of ANO1 intensified inflammation in IPF, promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptotic ability of lung fibroblasts.
Our study demonstrates that annexin 1 is an autoantigen that raises both Ab production and T cell response in patients with acute exacerbation of IPF, and that the N-terminal portion of annexin 1 plays some role in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbation in IPF patients.
Chronically increased alveolar annexin V levels, as reflected in increased IPF BALF levels, may contribute to the progression of IPF by inducing the release of pro-fibrotic mediators.
Apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin-V and nuclear staining. p14(ARF) expression was significantly decreased in four of the eight IPF fibroblasts lines, which was restored after 5-aza treatment.No changes were found with TSA.