We conclude that elevated proteolytic CTSB activity facilitates progression and metastasis of PymT-induced mammary carcinomas, and is associated with increased immune cell infiltration, enhanced VEGF levels and the promotion of tumor angiogenesis.
Taken together, the combination of curcuma zedoary and kelp could inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of liver cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting endogenous H2S production and down-regulating the pSTAT3/BCL-2 and VEGF pathway, which provides strong evidence for the application of curcuma zedoary and kelp in treatments of liver cancer.
In patients of infiltrating type, stage T(3)-T(4), vessel invasion, lymphatic metastasis, hepatic or peritoneal metastasis, the positive expression rates of VEGF protein were significantly higher than those in patients of expanding type (P < 0.01), stage T(1)-T(2) (P < 0.01), non-vessel invasion (P < 0.01), without lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.01), without hepatic and peritoneal metastasis (P < 0.01), respectively.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major driver of physiological and pathological angiogenesis and plays important roles in the etiology and metastasis of cancers.
Moreover, it suppressed the invasion and metastasis of A549 cells, while downregulating the levels of metastasis-associated proteins, including HEF1, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in a dose -dependent manner.
Growth factor pathways seem to play dual roles; EGF and PDGF pathways are decreased, while VEGF and sex-hormone pathways are increased in tumors that metastasize.
We observed that higher mTORC2 activity enhanced the expression of a few hedgehog pathway molecules (Gli1, Gli2 and Ptch1) and amplified its target genes (Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, Cyclin E, Snail, Slug and VEGF) both in mRNA and protein levels as corroborated by increased metastasis, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and stem cell regeneration.
The aim of this study was to determine whether COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production correlate with microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and tumor metastasis in human colorectal cancer.
The aim of the current study is to identify relationships between VEGF-A and VEGF-C, and their impact in angiogenesis and metastases in thyroid cancers.
Ad(E1-).dcn-mediated decorin expression in MDA-MB-231 cells downregulated the expression of Met, β-catenin, and vascular endothelial growth factor A, all of which are recognized decorin targets and play pivotal roles in the progression of breast tumor growth and metastasis.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a tumor microenvironment (TME) that overexpresses vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), which can lead to neovascularization, tumor growth and metastasis.
In addition, COX-2 expression was not associated with HPV positivity.COX-1 expression is associated with VEGF expression in primary tumor tissue and at sites of metastasis to lymph nodes.
Hence, like in other cancers, the overexpression of MMP and VEGF in endometrial cancer (EC) seems to play a significant role in its tumorigenesis and metastasis.
Moreover, HOTAIR regulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, which are important for cell motility and metastasis.
This review discusses the promoting role of chronic inflammation in colorectal tumorigenesis at different stages including tumor initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis, highlighting the contributory role of VEGF in angiogenesis during the development from chronic inflammation to CRC.
Because the crucial role of angiogenesis has been demonstrated in tumor growth and metastasis, the present study was undertaken to characterize the relative expression of vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and their receptors KDR (kinase insert domain-containing receptor), FLT-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase), and FLT-4 in human colonic cancers, in relation to the Astler-Coller pathological classification, and to prognosis.
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) was reported to involve in the invasion and metastasis of malignancies by regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in stromal and cancer cells.