Malathion exposure induced spatial learning and memory deficits with a simultaneous decrease of PSD93 and TAU hyperphosphorylation at multiple AD-related phosphorylation sites with activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and inhibition of protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A).
Mechanistically, VPA treatment increased β-catenin levels, accumulated the inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and induced the expression of NeuroD1, a Wnt target gene involved in neurogenesis, suggesting the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the hippocampus of 3xTgAD mice.
Herein, we highlight nine major targets associated with AD, which are acetylcholine esterase (AChE), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (β-secretase, BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), monoamine oxidases (MAOs), metal ions in the brain, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, the third subtype of histamine receptor (H<sub>3</sub> receptor), and phosphodiesterases (PDEs), and their respective relationship to the disease network.
In this sense, here we report the rational design of a multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) for AD based on virtual screening and bioinformatic analyses, exploring the molecular targets β-secretase (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
This work aims to provide a novel tool for early diagnosis and pathological mechanism exploration about AD by detecting inchoate change of GSK-3β content in body fluid, thus to precaution the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Leptin may be protective against the development of AD as it can inactivate GSK-3β through the phosphorylation of Ser-9, leading to the reduction of tau phosphorylation.
Arylbenzofurans from the Root Bark of <i>Morus alba</i> as Triple Inhibitors of Cholinesterase, β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease.
Taken together, our findings suggest that GRK5 deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by influencing the hyperphosphorylation of tau through the activation of GSK3β.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a widely investigated molecular target for numerous diseases including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
This study is the first to demonstrate a transient increase in phosphor-Tau caused by PKA, but not GSK3β, in the CSF and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of AD, implying that both GSKIP and GSK3β function as anchoring proteins to strengthen the cAMP/PKA/Tau axis signaling during AD pathogenesis.
Thus, bergenin was screened by molecular docking study using GOLD suite (version 5.2), CCDC for predicting its activity against targets of AD management like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (1B41), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (1P0I), Tau protein kinase 1 (GSK-3β) (1J1B), BACE-1 (1FKN) wherein the GOLD score and fitness of bergenin were comparable to those of standard drugs like donepezil, galanthamine, physostigmine, etc.
Results showed that co-administration of CA to d-gal/AlCl<sub>3</sub> induced AD-like rat models significantly increased the levels of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and decreased the levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β).
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is involved in several human diseases, including type II diabetes, mood disorders, prostate cancer, and Alzheimer's disease, representing a potential therapeutic target.
Our findings indicate that the upregulation of TTBK1 and GSK-3β mediated by the loss of miR-219-5p is a possible mechanism that contributes to tau phosphorylation and AD progression.
Based on the reported connection among histone deacetylases (HDACs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), herein we present the discovery and the biochemical characterization of the first-in-class hit compound able to exert promising anti-AD effects by modulating the targeted proteins in the low micromolar range of concentration.
IL-2 and GSK3B proteins are T and natural killer (NK) cell regulators and have previously been associated with other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy.
Stereoisomers of Schisandrin B Are Potent ATP Competitive GSK-3β Inhibitors with Neuroprotective Effects against Alzheimer's Disease: Stereochemistry and Biological Activity.