Novel biomarkers of renal function, such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) are being studied in order to enable early diagnosis of kidney damage in SCD.
Previous studies have revealed that there are elevated plasma levels of many inflammatory mediators including chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in individuals with SCD.
Experimental asthma increased perialveolar eosinophils, plasma IgE, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in chimeric hemoglobin A and SCD mice.