A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of prebiotics or synbiotics on blood biomarkers of obesity, depression, and anxiety (including: ACTH [adrenocorticotropic hormone], cortisol, leptin, ghrelin, TSH [thyroid-stimulating hormone], PTH [parathyroid hormone], vitamin D, BDNF [brain-derived neurotrophic factor], and PCR [polymerase chain reaction]) in individuals with overweight or obesity.
The effect of muscimol inactivation on the nociceptive response (hyperalgesia and allodynia), anxiety (elevated plus-maze), depressive-like behavior (forced swim test), motor activity (open field), and plasma stress hormone levels (corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone) were evaluated in sham-operated and neuropathic animals.
Hamilton depression and anxiety scales (HAM-D and HAM-A) and estimation of serum beta-endorphin level pre and post-sessions were used as secondary outcome.
Gpx4 was deleted from either AgRP or POMC neurons in the hypothalamus, essential for metabolic homeostasis, or from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, governing behaviors such as anxiety or voluntary movement.
Moreover, behavioral and functional studies demonstrated that POMC-Notch1<sup>-/-</sup> mutant mice showed anxiety and depressive-like behavior with impaired synaptic transmission properties in the dentate gyrus.
Plasma ACTH concentration was significantly increased by both administration routes of CRF; however, hyperlocomotion and anxiety behavior were induced only by the i.c.v. administration.
In conclusion, we found that HRT increases the inhibitory influence of β-endorphin in the LC, which could, in turn, contribute to reduce anxiety and increase stress resilience.