Cardiopulmonary function and structure, remodeling and apoptosis, as well as G protein‑coupled receptor (GPCR) and β2‑AR signaling, were documented over a period of 6 weeks.
Finally beta-AR signalling is strongly regulated by members of the G-protein-coupled receptor kinase family (GRKs), the best known of which is beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (beta-ARK1). beta-ARK1 mRNA, protein level and enzymatic activity is increased in heart disease, further contributing to an attenuation in beta-AR signalling.