Four of seven AVMs and four of five CMs demonstrated faint basic fibroblast growth factor expression that was localized to the media of AVM vessels and the subendothelial layer and intercavernous matrix of CMs.
Clinical heterogeneity in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: are pulmonary arteriovenous malformations more common in families linked to endoglin?
The significant upregulation of VEGF and Tie in AVMs may indicate some ongoing angiogenesis, possibly contributing to the slow growth and maintenance of the AVM, and could be of potential use in the therapeutic targeting of these lesions.
Together, these results demonstrate that the ppET-1 gene is locally repressed in AVM lesions and suggest a role for abnormal ppET-1 gene regulation in the pathogenesis and clinical sequelae of cerebral AVMs.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 3, and their two receptors (R1 and R2) in AVMs and in normal brain vessels.