Particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter disturbs the balance of T<sub>H</sub>17/regulatory T cells by targeting glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in an asthma model.
Pathway cross-talk analysis highlights that signaling pathways mediated by IL-4/13 and transcription factor HIF-1α and FOXA1 play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of asthma.
These findings coupled with the known insensitivity of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells to corticosteroids suggests that activation of the IL-4-HIF-1α-IL-13 axis might play a role in the development of steroid-refractory asthma.
Collectively, we concluded that IL-1β up-regulated Muc5ac expression via NF-κB-induced HIF-1α in asthma and provided a potential therapeutic target for asthma.
The levels of HIF-1α and VEGF increased in lung tissue and bronchial fluid of patients with asthma and in the nasal fluid of patients with rhinitis after challenge.