Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipoproteins are representative TLR2 ligands that play important roles in bacterial infection and in host inflammatory responses.
In this study, we focused on the pathways regulating immune responses in murine macrophages and modeled post viral-bacterial infections through pretreatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 ligand (R848) and subsequent challenge with TLR2/4 agonists to mimic bacterial infection.
Our results confirmed pro-inflammatory function of extracellular Hsp70, and suggest its possible implication in COPD exacerbations caused by bacterial infection through desensitization or inappropriate activation of TLR2 and TLR4 receptors.
There was also a moderate positive correlation between the expression Myd88-Tnfrsf11 and Tlr2-Myd88, suggesting the relevance of Tlr2-Myd88 in bone loss due to bacterial infection.
This early response to viral capsids required the cell surface-expressed PRR TLR2 and allowed for improved clearance of subsequent bacterial infection that commonly complicates respiratory viral infections.
TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and plays a central role in the host defense against bacterial infections, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Moreover, we observed that expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in patients with AML and bacterial infection in comparison with group with separate fungal infection (ΔCt TLR2 1.15 ± 1.06 vs 0.66 ± 0.51 and ΔCt TLR4 0.45 ± 0.38 vs 0.21 ± 0.19).
Our findings may offer a deliverable approach to attenuate bacterial infections in airways of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with impaired TLR2 function.
Increased mast cell IL-6 production in response to combined TLR2 and NLR activation could play a role in the protection against bacterial infection, but potentially exacerbate inflammation-dependent conditions.
Our study indicated that TLR2 activation by infectious bacterial PGN played an important role in breast cancer cell invasiveness and illustrated a new link between infectious bacteria and the cancer cells, suggesting the importance of antibiotic therapy to treat cancer with bacterial infection.
Our findings demonstrate that during bacterial infection in vivo, newborns selectively and coordinately amplify the TLR2-MyD88 pathway in G+ bacterial infection and the TLR4/MD2/MyD88 pathway in G- bacterial infection, suggesting key roles for innate immune pathway in neonatal responses to bacterial infection.
MyD88 adapter-like (Mal), also termed TIRAP, is involved in bridging MyD88 to the receptor complex for TLR-2 and TLR4 signaling in response to bacterial infection.
These results have indicated that there is a strong significant relationship between susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections and Arg753Gln polymorphism of the TLR-2 gene.
Thus, Ca(2+) participates as a second messenger in TLR2-dependent signaling and provides another target to modulate proinflammatory responses to bacterial infection.
Polymorphisms in TLR2 (Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) genes are associated with bacterial infections, we therefore studied these polymorphisms in osteomyelitis patients.
Thus, Ca(2+) participates as a second messenger in TLR2-dependent signaling and provides another target to modulate proinflammatory responses to bacterial infection.
Thus, our study provides new insights into the role of TGF-beta signaling in positively regulating host defense response by tightly controlling the expression level of TLR2 during bacterial infections and may lead to new therapeutic strategies for modulating host defense and inflammatory response.
Thus, our study provides new insights into the role of TGF-beta signaling in positively regulating host defense response by tightly controlling the expression level of TLR2 during bacterial infections and may lead to new therapeutic strategies for modulating host defense and inflammatory response.