It is evident from our study that HRAST81C SNP moderately increases bladder cancer risk, and rare allele is a predictive marker of advanced bladder tumors.
Analysis of HRAS gene TRR methylation showed that the methylation level of HRAS has clinical relevance (P = 0.0049, by unpaired Student's t test) with bladder cancer.
All together, co-existence of Aurora-A overexpression and Ha-ras mutation suggests a possible additively effect on the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer.
HRAS1 genotype may be related to the prognosis of bladder cancer, however, because incident cases, i.e., newly diagnosed cases had a higher frequency of rare alleles than did prevalent cases, i.e., cases already existing at the time of recruitment.
The c-Ha-ras-1 locus was studied by Southern blotting in white blood cells and tumor samples obtained from 126 patients with bladder cancer (74 Ta-T1 and 52 T2-T4).
Activating missense mutations in Ha-ras-1 genes in a malignant subset of bladder lesions induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine or N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide.
On the other hand, deletion of one Ha-ras allele was observed in 1 of 5 cases of bladder cancer and in 2 of 3 cases of renal pelvic cancer, suggesting that that deletion may be important in the development of urothelial cancer.