Recently, the administrations of immune checkpoint modulators (represented by anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD antibodies) and adoptive immune cells (represented by CAR-T) have exhibited unexpected antitumor effect in multiple types of cancer, bringing a new era for cancer therapy.
Redirecting the recognition specificity of T lymphocytes to designated tumour cell surface antigens by transferring chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) genes is becoming an effective strategy to combat cancer.
<b>Purpose:</b> Chimeric Antigen Receptor T(CAR-T) cell therapy is an immunotherapy approach used in treating cancer which has seen rapid development over the decades.
Several prevention strategies such as predictive biomarkers of CRS and neurotoxicity and modified CAR-T with 'built-in' safety mechanisms are being studied, with the potential to greatly expand the safety and applicability of CAR-T treatment across various malignancies.
In addition to CAR T-cell cytotoxicity, the αE-tag-specific T cells can be empowered with cancer-fighting ability in case of relapse, hence, have versatile utility.
These results suggest that targeting therapy to CAR with a therapeutic antibody might be effective against several cancer types including small cell lung cancer.
CAR -T cells or CAR- NK cells containing full length CS1 or the signaling domain of 2B4 with TCR-ζ have shown promising results to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a safe and effective personalized cancer immunotherapy that can comprise naturally occurring ex vivo expanded cells (e.g., tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL]) or T cells genetically engineered to confer antigen specificity (T-cell receptor [TCR] or chimeric antigen receptor [CAR] engineered T cells) to mediate cancer rejection.
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy provides possibility for the treatment of malignancies since clinical trials have shown that CAR-T therapy has a significant anti-tumor effect.
Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive CAR T-cell therapy, has clearly established itself as an important modality to treat melanoma and other malignancies.
Autologous T cells that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the B cell antigen CD19 have yielded remarkable clinical responses in patients with B cell malignancies, and are now on the market as anticancer 'drugs'.
Adoptive cell therapy using CAR T cells has emerged as a novel treatment strategy with promising results against B cell malignancies; however, CAR T cells have not shown much success against solid malignancies.
However, as producing autologous CAR T-cells currently takes at least 4 weeks, they are not products which could be quickly employed initially at relapse in rapidly progressing mature B-cell malignancies but only for the consolidation phase of the treatment.
While immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells has shown much promise in haematological malignancies, their efficacy for solid tumours is challenged by the lack of tumour-specific antigens required to avoid on-target, off-tumour effects.
In this chapter, we will highlight clinical application of CAR T cells in solid tumors, discuss hurdles that have impeded CAR T cell function in these malignancies, and propose methods to overcome these limitations.
In this report, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of CAR-T on refractory and/or relapsed B-cell malignancies, including leukemia and lymphoma.
CAR-T therapy, grafting the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T cell to target certain cancer cells, has been recognized as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer control as evidenced by the two CAR-T products proved by FDA in 2017.