miRNAs are noncoding RNA that play a critical role as fine regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level within cells in numerous autoimmune diseases. miR-221/222 play a role in cancer by regulating cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis.
Total RNA was extracted using the miRNeasy Mini Kit and the expression of miRs frequently dysregulated in pancreatobiliary cancer (miR-16, miR-21, miR-196a, miR-221) were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using RNU6B as internal control.
miR-221 is regarded as an oncogene in many malignancies, and miR-221-mediated resistance towards TRAIL was one of the first oncogenic roles shown for this small noncoding RNA.
Our findings provide strong evidence that miR-9 and miR-221 can enhance the generation of cancer stem cells to yield an invasive phenotype and that overexpression of these miRNAs predicts a poor outcome for breast cancer patients.
While the variability in methods used to assess miRNA expression creates challenges in comparing and/or synthesizing the literature, results to date suggest that the circulating form of several miRNAs known for playing a role in cancer (c-miR-133, c-miR-221/222, c-miR-126, and c-let-7) are altered by both acute and chronic PA. Additional research should develop standardized procedures for assessing both c-miRNA and PA measurement to improve the comparability of research results regarding the direction and amplitude of changes in c-miRNAs in response to PA. <i>Cancer </i>.
TaqMan microRNA assay was used to detect the miR-221 levels in normal cells and in MDA-MB 231 and SkBr3 breast cancer cells as well as in main players of the tumor microenvironment, namely cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). miR-221 mimic sequence and locked nucleic acid (LNA)-i-miR-221 construct were used to induce or inhibit, respectively, the miR-221 expression in cells used.
Survival analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas data suggested that a higher expression of miR-221 was associated with poor survival in patients with CRC.
The RT‑qPCR analysis of 101 CRC samples showed that a high expression level of miR‑221 or miR‑222 in the cancer stroma was associated with liver metastasis, distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival rate of patients with CRC (P<0.05).
In the present review, we will describe the potential value of miR-221/222 as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in various diseases including cancer and inflammatory diseases.
The expression of miRNA-221 and miRNA-222 in cancer tissues were obviously higher than control tissues (normal brain tissue) and control cell (gastric mucosal epithelial cell, GES) (p < 0.05).
Although microRNAs have been reported to be involved in the development of cancer, the roles of miR-221 and miR-222 in gastric cancer have not been reported yet.
The addition of miR-210, miR-221 and miR-1233 plasma levels information improved the capacity to predict death by cancer in 8, 4% when compared to the current variables used by clinicians.
For instance, three microRNA clusters namely miR-103/107, miR-221/222 and miR-29 have been found to be upregulated in insulin resistance and certain types of cancer.
The rising body of advanced preclinical evidence on the biological significance of miR-221/222 in a variety of malignancies indicates that they will play a crucial role in the future of innovative therapeutic strategies, both as validated biomarkers and targets.