As disturbed thyrotropin receptor signaling plays a central role in hot thyroid nodules, the identification of effective low-molecular-weight thyrotropin receptor ligands, such as thyrotropin receptor agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists has a pharmacologic potential in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer, Graves' disease and hot thyroid nodules, respectively.
Preoperative thyrotropin receptor messenger RNA was measured in 9 patients: 3 of 4 with thyroid cancer had elevated levels and 3 of 5 with goiters undetectable.
The mRNA expression levels of CSC- (CD133 and CD44) and ES-related genes (Oct4 and Nanog) were higher in TC tissue than in normal thyroid tissue, whereas the mRNA expression levels of thyroid-specific genes (Tg, TSHR, and TTF1) were higher in normal thyroid tissue than in TC tissue.
TSH receptor mRNA reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the Veracyte and Asuragen commercial methods, and the noncommercial use of BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ testing have promising roles in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with nodular thyroid disease and thyroid cancer.
As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins of the stimulatory family mutations in hyperfunctioning tumors; mutations in RAS and other genes and aneuploidy; PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements; BRAF mutations; mutations in oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs cycle genes in Hürthle cell tumors; mutations in succinate dehydrogenase genes in medullary carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia; and mutations in TP53 and other genes in poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas.
The present study indicates the normal patterns of DNA and RNA hybridization in a variety of thyroid tissues and disease states, and demonstrates that pathologic thyroid samples, with the possible exception of thyroid cancer, were not associated with specific nucleotide abnormalities in the unique area of the TSH receptor that was studied.
Methylation of thyroid-specific genes, such as those for sodium/iodide symporter and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, is also common in thyroid cancer.
Our meta-analysis suggests that TSHR-mRNA might be a potential biomarker to complete present diagnostic methods for early and precision diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
To correlate the differentiation phenotype of two human thyroid cancer cell lines with their expression of various molecular markers, we analyzed the mRNA levels of four thyroid-specific genes, including thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), and paired-box containing transcription factor-8 (PAX-8) genes.
It remains unclear whether TSHR alterations in thyroid cancers play a role in the onset or they appear as a consequence of genetic instability during evolution, but the presence of functional TSHR is exploited in therapy.
Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies such as 5C9 may well provide the basis of new drugs to control TSHR activity including applications in thyroid cancer and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Among these, thyroglobulin, and more recently thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor mRNAs' provide high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for thyroid cancer detection.
This review examines the evidence for TSHR signaling as an oncogenic pathway and assesses the evidence for ongoing TSHR expression in thyroid cancer metastases.
Qualitative analysis of baseline and stimulated TG, NIS and PDS mRNA showed high sensitivity but low specificity in the prediction of thyroid cancer recurrence or metastases (accuracy under THST = 51%, 43% and 54%, respectively), whereas TPO and TSHR mRNA assays had higher specificity but low sensitivity, with accuracy under THST of 67% and 61%, respectively, that improved when these tests were combined.
In addition, there was no correlation between NIS and TSHR in thyroid cancer, which may explain why, even after TSH stimulation, 10-20% of these malignant tumors are unable to concentrate enough radioiodine for effective therapy.
These studies evaluating the etiological roles of these factors in linking breast and thyroid cancer might also improve our understanding and identify new therapeutic approaches, such as sodium/iodide symporter-mediated radioiodine therapy and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antagonists, for breast cancer.
Detection of thyrotropin-receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease: sensitive and specific markers for thyroid cancer.
Here, we present an example of the construction of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with thyroid-stimulating-hormone receptor-targeting ligand that can specifically target the thyroid cancer.
Structural studies of the thyrotropin receptor and Gs alpha in human thyroid cancers: low prevalence of mutations predicts infrequent involvement in malignant transformation.
We have established that thyroid hormone receptor beta1 (TRbeta1) is associated with the loss of TSHR gene expression in an anaplastic human thyroid cancer cell line, ARO.