In addition to inducing EMT biomarkers, 3MC decreased von Hippel-Lindau protein levels (a risk factor for RCC) and increased CD44 expression in hRECs, which were reversed by digoxin (a HIF inhibitor) and HDAC inhibitors (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and trichostatin A [TSA]).
Higher CD44 expression was associated with more aggressive behavior, tumor progression and worse prognosis in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) but not in papillary and chromophobeRCC subtypes.
There are also certain proteins that are variously expressed in primary RCCs and their metastases and have effect on clinical outcome, e.g., endothelin receptor type B, phos-S6, and CD44.
Expression of TNF-α and CD44 is implicated in poor prognosis, cancer cell invasion, metastasis and resistance to the sunitinib treatment in clear cell renal cell carcinomas.
The aim of this paper was to describe the heterogeneous immunohistochemical features and, furthermore, to characterize the pattern of expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) E-cadherin, beta4-integrin, desmoglein-2, ICAM-1 and CD44s (HCAM) in two cases of metastatic parotid RCC.
To investigate the role of these biomarkers in renal cancer, we analyzed the immunohistochemical distribution of CD44's expression on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue from 67 renal cell carcinomas and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters as well as with p53 suppressor gene expression.
We examined very late activation (VLA) integrin and CD44 expression in 37 renal cell carcinomas and correlated adhesion molecule expression with multiple histological and clinical parameters.
To examine whether renal cell carcinoma displays altered CD44 expression we performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of CD44 in 38 specimens from renal cancer, normal kidney and metastases of 19 patients and 6 renal cancer cell lines.
To understand further if cytokine-gene transfection of RCC could alter certain cellular properties that are associated with the invasive and metastatic potentials of tumor, the authors characterized six cell lines that produce IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha in their expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CD44; binding affinity to extracellular matrix (ECM) components (fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and vitronectin); and preference in forming homotypic aggregation and mRNA levels of c-myc, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), tumor transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and type IV collagenase.