Blood levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), have been associated with various pathological processes and diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Two biomarkers, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23)), reflecting different aspects of renal pathophysiology, were evaluated as determinants of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and microalbuminuria, but without clinical cardiac disease.
Despite the growing body of evidence on growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) reference values for patients with existing cardiovascular disease, limited investigation has been dedicated to characterizing the distribution and prognostic impact of GDF-15 in predominantly healthy populations.
To gain insight into the relationship of GDF-15 with metformin and major cardiovascular risk factors, we analysed the data from the SUMMIT cohort (n = 1438), a four-centre, nested, case-control study aimed at verifying whether biomarkers of atherosclerosis differ according to the presence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
MIC-1/GDF15 expression and serum levels rise in response to many stimuli that initiate cell stress and as part of a wide variety of disease processes, most prominently cancer and cardiovascular disease.
<b>Background:</b> Recent studies have shown that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) superfamily, plays an important role in appetite, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Increased IR, elevated levels of GDF-15, and high production of atherogenic cytokines can be observed in Brazilian CHC patients without association with diabetes and clinical manifestation of cardiovascular diseases.
Therefore, GDF15 could play a beneficial role in a dysfunctional vascular system as previously reported in patients with CVD, by limiting ED related to vascular stress occurring in these diseases.
Based on the knowledge from animal studies of its involvement in multiple inflammatory processes, we will focus in this review on the current clinical data on GDF-15 as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis.
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) recently emerged as a novel and independent marker of cardiovascular disease, both in diagnostic and prognostic scopes.
<b>Background and Aims:</b> Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been identified as a robust marker of developing cardiovascular disease, however, little is currently known about its prognostic value in stroke patients.
GDF-15 can be used as a marker of prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disorders, in combination with conventional prognostic factors, such as N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT).