The systematic review and meta-analysis will assess the effect of acupuncture on the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 and CRP in cerebral infarction with up-to-date clinical evidence.
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 (interleukin-1) has a deleterious role in cerebral ischemia, which is attenuated by IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra).
Notably, when mice were administrated peridinin (20-200 ng/animal) intracerebroventricularly 5 min before cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the peridinin treatment not only suppressed the increase in expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and the microglial M1 surface marker CD16/32, but also protected the mice against ischemia-induced short-term spatial-memory impairment.
Staining with 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride was performed to determine the cerebral infarction at 48 h post reperfusion. mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and HO-1 in the ischemic cerebral cortex were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after reperfusion.
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, in which Interleukin 1 (IL-1), as an effective intervention target, is implicated.
Two of the main stresses faced by cells at the neurovascular unit (NVU) as an immediate result of cerebral ischemia are oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reperfusion and inflammatory stress caused by up regulation of IL-1.
Our studies demonstrated that overexpression of IL-1ra in the mouse brain can downregulate intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression both in the cortex and basal ganglia, which suggests that IL-1beta may play an important role in the activation of the inflammatory response during focal cerebral ischemia by promoting leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells.