One form of CRS with polyps found worldwide is driven by the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 coming from Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and probably mast cells.
For CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), type 2-targeting biologics, such as anti-IgE, anti-IL4Rα, and anti-IL5 antibodies, have been explored in clinical trials.<b>Expert opinion</b>: In addition to differences in immunopathogenic mechanisms and responses to medical and surgical interventions, CRS endotypes vary according to geography and ethnicity and their distributions change over time.