In T1D, levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were positively associated with two depression scores (CES-D, PHQ-9), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was positively associated with depression for one score (WHO-5) after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes duration, metabolic variables, medication and comorbidities (P = 0.008-0.042).
Patients with a longer diabetes duration (reference: <2 years) displayed a significantly increased odds of having no indication of depression (CES-D <16: 66%) (Odds Ratio, 95%CI: 2-<5 years: 5.9, 1.2-29.6; 5-<10 years: 6.2, 1.3-28.7; ≥10 years: 5.6, 1.2-23.1), after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, diabetes complications, antidepressants and glucose-lowering treatment.
Diabetes-related distress was assessed using the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) scale; depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale.