<i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> is potential probiotic in that its type strain ATCC BAA-835 has beneficial effects upon obesity and diabetes.However, whether <i>A. muciniphila</i> can improve inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which is a form of chronic intestinal dysbiosis, is unknown.Hence, we used an isolated murine <i>A. muciniphila</i> strain (designated 139) and <i>A. muciniphila</i> type strain ATCC, to investigate their anti-inflammatory properties in cell models and in Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis of mice.<i>In vitro</i>, the two <i>A. muciniphila</i> strains exerted similar anti-inflammatory properties as they both reduced IL-8 production by TNF-α-stimulated HT-29 cells.
In this study, we measured the serum levels of IP-10, IL-8 and SDF-1 in subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT-TB<sup>-</sup> = 108; NGT-TB<sup>+</sup> = 200), Pre-Diabetes (PDM-TB<sup>-</sup> = 118; PDM-TB<sup>+</sup> = 105), Newly Diagnosed Diabetes (NDM-TB<sup>-</sup> = 105; NDM-TB<sup>+</sup> = 63) and Known Diabetes (KDM-TB<sup>-</sup> = 131; KDM-TB<sup>+</sup> = 108), by ELISA.
In the category of "Top Molecules" up-regulated, both venom and Byetta(®) shared IL-8, cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 3 (ATF-3), neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NR4A3), dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (RASD1) and early growth response protein 1, (EGR-1) all with potential relevance in diabetes.
Taken together, these data indicate that chronic elevated glucose in diabetes activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway to increase inflammatory IL-8 gene induction and monocyte/endothelial adhesion.