Nevertheless, prior animal and human studies on incretin mimetics, glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) approved for T2DM treatment, have provided indirect evidence that they may also ameliorate NAFLD/NASH, whereas dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 inhibitors (DDP-4i) were not better than placebo in reducing liver fat in T2DM patients with NAFLD.
GLP-1RAs and SGLT2i are now advocated as second-line agents in European and US guidelines for management of both hyperglycaemia and for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with T2DM.
Cardiovascular outcome trials (eg, LEADER [Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results], SUSTAIN-6) demonstrated that GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) analogs including liraglutide reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Drugs acting as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) developed for the management of T2DM reduce body weight and liraglutide is the first GLP-1RA to be approved for the treatment of obesity in patients with and without T2DM.<b>Areas covered</b>: In this review of relevant published material, the authors summarize the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy and safety of liraglutide for the treatment of obesity.<b>Expert opinion</b>: Liraglutide effectively reduces body weight and body fat through mechanisms involving reduced appetite and lowered energy intake, independent of its glucose-lowering effects.
Whilst such effects of GIP antagonism are yet to be evaluated in humans, recent studies using combined GIP and GLP-1 agonists have shown weight reduction and improved glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are emerging as an important therapy to consider for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) given this class of treatment's ability to reduce glycated haemoglobin and their associated weight loss and low risk for hypoglycaemia.
PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SGLT2is plus Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 inhibitors (SGLT2is/DPP4is) or glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (SGLT2is/GLP-1RAs) against SGLT2is as monotherapy or add-on to metformin in T2DMs.
Several GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) have become available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and evidence on their beneficial effects has evolved.
The impact of adherence to this medication and its effect on patients with T2DM who switch from loose-dose combination therapy to a FRC of insulin and GLP-1RA have not yet been reported.
Pooled results showed no significant difference in the incidence of MACE among diabetes medications (GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i or DPP-4i) and placebo in black patients with type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] [95% CI], 0.94 [0.77,1.16]).
However, exogenous GIP has less potent biological effects compared with another incretin hormone, GLP-1, which limits its use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Combination therapy of GLP-1RA and insulin could represent a valuable treatment strategy to improve glycemic control in the management of type 2 diabetes.
According to cardiovascular outcome trials, some sodium-glucose contransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are recommended for secondary cardiovascular prevention in type 2 diabetes (T2D).
The incretin-based medicines GLP1 analogues (GLP1a) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) are hypoglycaemic agents licensed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Altered GLP-1 secretion from L cells has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its resolution following bariatric surgery.