For major cardiovascular events (MACE), there is no class effect for SGLT-2 inhibitors, as the 7% reduction of MACE risk observed with dapagliflozin in the DECLARE trial was not significant; on the other hand, a class effect is evident for both heart failure and diabetic kidney disease, as in all four trials so far completed (EMPAREG-OUTCOME, CANVAS, DECLARE, CREDENCE) the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and progression of diabetic kidney disease was significantly reduced by all SGLT-2 inhibitors.
Recent studies demonstrated that some of the new signaling pathways or molecules, such as Notch, Wnt, mTOR, Epac-Rap-1 pathway, may play a pivotal role in the modulation of ECM accumulation and renal fibrosis in DN.
In this study, we explored the relationship between FBW7 and autophagy and examined the effects of FBW7 on the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy in vitro.
Therefore, we can reasonably suggest that normalized Pin1 expression and AMPK activation contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying SGLT2 inhibitor-induced suppression of diabetic nephropathy, possibly at least in part by reducing inflammation and fibrotic change.
Although HOTAIR expression was upregulated in DKD and in high glucose-exposed podocytes, its knockout did not alter the development of kidney damage in diabetic mice.
Downregulated expression of XIST led to an increase in miR-93-5p expression, thereby decreasing CDKN1A and suppressing renal interstitial fibrosis in DN.
miR-150-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-30e, miR-320e, and miR-3196 are potentially new diagnostic biomarkers for early DN. miR-150-5p and miR-155-5p may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of DN.
GLP-1RAs have moderate benefits concerning MACE, and also reduce hospitalization for heart failure and all-cause mortality; they also robustly reduce the incidence of macroalbuminuria, without affecting the progression of diabetic renal disease.
The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of how TUG1 interferes with the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), which contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy.
Grem1, SOST, and USAG1 have been demonstrated to be upregulated and play a critical role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, the expression and the role of other DAN family members in DN have not been reported yet.
Corn silk (Zea mays L.), a source of natural antioxidants with α-amylase, α-glucosidase, advanced glycation and diabetic nephropathy inhibitory activities.
Compared with DM patients free ofDN, the levels of H19 and miR-675 were increased in the DN(+) group, whereas the levels of VDR and EGR1 were decreased.
Thus, activin A is an important mediator of high glucose-induced profibrotic responses in mesangial cells, and follistatin may be a potential novel therapy for the prevention of diabetic kidney disease.