Conversely, levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were higher in the DN group than in the control group.
Two of the 6 studies provide evidence of the effect of paricalcitol on DN by way of reduction in urine albumin to creatinine ratio and urinary albumin excretion rate when compared with placebo.
The endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient (eNOS<sup>-/-</sup>) <i>db</i>/<i>db</i> mouse is an appropriate and valuable model to study mechanisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy because of the similarities of the features of diabetic kidney disease in this model to those in humans.
Mechanistic studies reveal that pathways relevant to inflammation participate in the pathogenesis of DN, however, consumption of vitamin D-related products negatively regulates inflammatory response at multiple levels, indicated by inhibiting macrophage infiltration, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and production of such inflammatory mediators as transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein(RANTES).
Moreover, our findings provided a fuller understanding of the regulatory role of NF-κB and Nrf2 in DN, indicating that they could be important therapeutic targets.
YAP that is correlated with SBP, BUN, Cr, DN stage, DN pathologic classification, SAlb and eGFR, suggested that inhibition of the activity of YAP might have the effect in delaying DN progression.
Intraperitoneal injection of MLP-1 (2 mL; 0.2-0.4 g/mL) daily for 8 weeks significantly decreased serum insulin, fasting blood glucose, and 24 h urinary albumin, as well as urine protein and connective tissue growth factors, of STZ-induced DN rats.
Deletion of the Nrf2 gene completely abrogated the efficacies of SRT2104 and PFT-α in elevating antioxidants and ameliorating DN, despite their abilities to activate SIRT1 and inhibit P53 in the Nrf2 KO mice.
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature to evaluate the different outcomes of microRNAs (miRNAs) in diabetic nephropathy (DN), including urinary albumin excretion rates, urinary albumin creatinine rates, glomerular filtration rate, HbAc1, and creatinine.
Correlation analysis and subgroup analysis between hub genes and clinical features of DN showed that ALB, ANXA1, APOH, C3, CCL19, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL6A3, CXCL6, DCN, EGF, HRG, KNG1, LUM, SERPINA3, SPARC, SRGN, and TIMP1 may involve in diabetic tubulointerstitial injury.
Our aim was to investigate the association between the serum albumin levels and clinicopathological features and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and biopsy-proven DN.
Collectively, our findings provide support that PAI-1 contributes to the development of inflammation in perirenal fat and correlates with the development of diabetic nephropathy in HFD-induced obesity.
We found that RBC deformability alone did not show a significant difference according to the degree of DKD, whereas critical shear stress (CSS) was found to be closely related to the ratio of albumin to creatinine and glomerular filtration rate.
This clinical trial has shown that resveratrol may be an effective adjunct to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for reducing urinary albumin excretion in patients with DN (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02704494).
Multiple metabolic pathways of DKD have been evaluated with varying success; including mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidase (NOX), transcription factors (NF-B and Nrf2), advanced glycation, protein kinase C (PKC), aldose reductase, JAK-STAT, autophagy, apoptosis-signaling kinase 1 (ASK1), fibrosis and epigenetics.