The results also indicated that PON2 gene polymorphisms, as well as PON1‑Q192R, may not confer major genetic risk to DN or DR. Additional studies are required to enrich the understanding of PON genes, particularly for its functional role in DR.
In conclusion, Pon1 status and HDL levels are independently associated with DM in patients on hemodialysis and may contribute to the increased risk of CHD in diabetic nephropathy.
PON-1, ox-LDL, NO, endothelial and platelet function are connected with DN; they affect one another and influence the occurrence and development of DN together.