Recently, different studies have demonstrated that some PACAP-38 effects are mediated by EGFR trans-activation, although no data exist regarding the link between this peptide and EGFR in DR.
In our review, we provide short descriptions of various pathological conditions (diabetic retinopathy, excitotoxic retinal injury and ischemic retinal lesion) in which the remedial effect of PACAP has been well demonstrated in various animal models.
There was no significant association between the rs1501299 genotype of ADIPOQ and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy or any diabetic microvascular complications even after adjustment.
Among the subjects with plasma APN level (N = 518), natural logarithm (LN) of APN (LN [APN]; odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-2.25) and GRS (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.11-3.26 for middle range of GRS, and OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.48-4.59 for high range of GRS) were independent risk factors for DR after adjustment for other parameters.In conclusion, the plasma APN level and the genetic variations in adiponectin receptors were associated with DR.
However, the ADIPOQ g. + 45 T > G polymorphism shows significant association in T2D (p = 0.048) and DR (p = 0.001) but in DN patients, no association was observed.
The data demonstrate, that a) the Tyr111His (T-->C) polymorphism influences adiponectin serum levels, b) adiponectin serum levels do correlate with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, and c) patients heterozygous for the +45 T-->G (Gly15Gly) polymorphism show a lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy.
More recently, we have shown that a small peptide derived from the activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), known as NAP, counteracts damages occurring during progression of diabetic retinopathy by modulating HIFs/VEGF pathway.
The Trp64Arg allele of the beta 3-AR gene was significantly more frequent in the NIDDM patients with PDR (P = 0.002), but not in those with non-PDR (P = 0.151), than in NIDDM patients without diabetic retinopathy.
Variants in or near AFF3, RGMA-MCTP2, SP3-CDCA7, GLRA3, CNKSR3, and UMOD have reached genome-wide significance (p value <5 × 10<sup>-8</sup>) for association with diabetic kidney disease, and recently, GRB2 was reported to be associated at genome-wide significance with diabetic retinopathy.
This study aims to investigate the frequency of Gly82Ser polymorphism in exon 3 of the receptor for AGE (RAGE) gene and its association with DR in Asian Indian patients who have type II diabetes.
Association of the receptor for advanced glycation end products gene polymorphisms and circulating RAGE levels with diabetic retinopathy in the Chinese population.
Our study failed to demonstrate an association between either - 429 T/C or - 374 T/A gene polymorphism of the RAGE gene and diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes.
Z+2 allele of ALR2, 13-repeat genotype of iNOS, 15-repeat genotype of TNF-β, genes were associated with susceptibility to DR. Gly82Ser polymorphisms of the RAGE gene were not associated with DR in the present study.