Meanwhile in rats with NAFLD: i) metformin inhibited hepatic total cholesterol and TGF-β, increased diarrhea frequency, and slightly decreased liver steatosis, and fibrosis; ii) 4-hydroxychalcone decreased IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β, increased IL-10, and markedly decreased liver steatosis and fibrosis; and iii) co-treatment markedly decreased food intake, total caloric intake, and body weight, increased diarrhea; increased IL-10, showing and intermediate effect on decrease TNF-α, TGF-β, liver steatosis and fibrosis.
Divertin blocks acute, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced MLCK1 recruitment as well as downstream myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, barrier loss, and diarrhea in vitro and in vivo.
When comparing IBS subtypes, TNFα and IL-17 were significantly (P<0.05) higher, and IL-10 was significantly (P<0.05) lower in diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D) compared to HCs, whereas the inflammatory cytokine profile of other subtypes more closely resembled that of HCs.
Moreover, diarrhea in baby rabbits led to significantly reduced levels of total serum protein (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and markedly increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogen, TNF-<i>α</i>, and IL-6 (<i>P</i> < 0.05).
Diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel diseases has been associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
It was shown that the extract of E.KS promoted diarrhea in mouse feces after administration, inhibited the contraction of smooth muscle of mouse small intestine and caused the inflammatory exudation on the mucosa of the intestines, enhanced the expression of both mRNA and the protein levels of IL-1β and TNFα in the small or large intestines.
Cytokine expression did not correlate with enteric symptoms, suggesting that TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are not key mediators of diarrhea in human cryptosporidiosis.