Our studies support that PD-1 and PD-L1 are relevant immune checkpoints in PDA and identify a combination for clinical testing in those patients with neoantigen-specific T cells.
Importantly, even with a high density of TILs, the PDA cells with programed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression showed a worse prognosis than the patients with negative PD-L1 expression.