High levels of B-type natriuretic peptide, interleukin-6, -8, -10, and -12, growth differentiation factor 15 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 were associated with persistent PDA, as were low levels of platelet-derived growth factor.
Our data suggest that cigarette smoking and nicotine may contribute to PDA inflammation by inducing MCP-1 and provide a novel insight into a unique role for OPN in mediating these effects.