The increased amounts of the i-20S-specific subunit β5i and PA28α/β in EAE correlate with the levels of interferon-γ and its downstream effectors p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and interferon regulatory factor-1, but not with those of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.
In this study, we showed that probiotic <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> DSM 17938 (<i>L. reuteri</i>) ameliorated the development of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used animal model of MS, a model which is primarily mediated by T<sub>H</sub>17 and T<sub>H</sub>1 cells.We discovered that <i>L. reuteri</i> treatment reduced T<sub>H</sub>1/T<sub>H</sub>17 cells and their associated cytokines IFN-γ/IL-17 in EAE mice.
Despite normal T cell priming, <i>Sb1</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice are resistant to EAE with a paucity of T helper (T<sub>H</sub>) cells that produce two or more of the cytokines, IFNγ, GM-CSF, and IL-17.
Importantly, when co-transferred with myelin-specific 2D2 TCR-transgenic naive T cells, unrelated OT-II TCR-transgenic memory-like T<sub>H</sub>17 cells infiltrate the spinal cord and produce IL-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ, and GM-CSF, increasing the susceptibility of the recipients to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in an IL-1 receptor-dependent manner.
THC + CBD treatment attenuated EAE and caused significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IFN-γ while promoting the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β.
We found that intravenous administration of exosomes produced by MSCs stimulated by IFNγ (IFNγ-Exo) (i) reduced the mean clinical score of EAE mice compared to PBS control, (ii) reduced demyelination, (iii) decreased neuroinflammation, and (iv) upregulated the number of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the spinal cords of EAE mice.
Treatment with CBD caused attenuation of EAE disease paradigms as indicated by a significant reduction in clinical scores of paralysis, decreased T cell infiltration in the central nervous system, and reduced levels of IL-17 and IFNγ.
In active EAE model, GSNO treatment attenuated EAE severity and splenic CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells isolated from these mice exhibited decreased IL-17 expression without affecting the IFN-γ expression compared to the cells from untreated EAE mice.
In C57BL/6 mice with EAE, PCB orally improved clinical status of the animals and reduced the expression levels of brain IL-6 and IFN-γ proinflammatory cytokines.
Multiplex cytokine assays demonstrated that mice with chronic EAE and treated with either OGF or low-dose naltrexone (LDN) had decreased expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 within 10 days or treatment, as well as increased serum expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, relative to immunized mice receiving saline.
Both CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were most sensitive to MOG antigen stimulation for IFN-γ production during the early stage of EAE, but then rapidly lost the function despite their vigorous proliferation at the peak stage and later.
Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, MIS416 treatment was associated with IFN-γ-dependant expansion of Treg number and increased suppressive function; however, these cells did not account for disease reduction.
Additionally, the magnitudes of myelin basic protein (MBP)-induced rise in the frequency of IFN-γ+ and IL-17+ CD8+ T cells (providing important help to neuroantigen-specific CD4+ T cells in EAE models characterized by clinically mild disease) were greater in dLN cell cultures from aged AO rats.
Treatment of EAE mice with GL from onset to the peak stage of disease resulted in marked attenuation of EAE severity, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination, decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta 1, and increased IL-4 both in serum and spinal cord homogenate.
The mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-10 in the rat brain in EAE group were decreased notably (P<0.05), while those of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased significantly (P<0.05).
We demonstrated that Forskolin together with IL-4 or with Forskolin together with IL-4 and IFNγ effectively stimulated M2 phenotype of macrophages indicating high potency of this pathway in reprogramming of macrophage polarization in Th2- and even in Th1/Th2-mixed inflammatory conditions such as EAE.
The importance that the T helper (Th)1 cytokine, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and the Th17 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17, play in MS pathogenesis is indicated by recent clinical trial data by the enhanced presence of Th1/Th17 cells in central nervous system (CNS) tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood, and by research on animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative interferon-γ receptor under the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (GFAPγR1Δ) causes severe non-remitting disease associated with sustained TNF.
Here, we investigated whether IFN-γ could exert a role in the anxiety- and depressive-like behavior observed in mice with EAE, and in the modulation of CB1Rs.
Rapamycin treatment reduced protein and mRNA levels of interferon (IFN)-γand interleukin (IL)-17 in splenocytes, and reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 mRNA levels in the spinal cords of EAE mice.
Significantly upregulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-17 and downregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 were found in the spinal cord of EAE rats.