PLF-induced osteoclast formation and gene expression were studied by coculturing control and FOP PLF with CD14-positive osteoclast precursor cells from healthy donors.
We studied primary blood, monocyte, and macrophage samples from control and FOP subjects using multiplex cytokine, gene expression, and protein analyses; examined CD14+ primary monocyte and macrophage responses to TLR ligands; and assayed BMP, TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and NF-κB pathways.