Thus, further research should be conducted to assess the combination of targeted VEGF therapy and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy for the treatment of glioma.
Glioma (n=50) and normal brain (n=20) tissue samples were collected from patients to detect the expression of LRIG2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) using immunohistochemistry.
The effects of VEGF and SDF-1 on U251n cell invasion and proliferation were measured using inhibitors to VEGF receptor1 and receptor2, DC101 and MF1, respectively, and a CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100).
TP expression was significantly associated with glioma malignancy grading, intratumoral microvessel density, and VEGF expression but showed no relationship with apoptotic index or P53 expression.
VEGF mRNA and protein levels of two rat glioma cells lines, C6 and GS-9L, were determined after incubation with dexamethasone under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
Therapeutic efficacy of a synthetic epsin mimetic peptide in glioma tumor model: uncovering multiple mechanisms beyond the VEGF-associated tumor angiogenesis.
Among those 4 growth factors, the mRNA levels of VEGF, but not those of transforming growth factors alpha and beta and basic fibroblast growth factor, correlated significantly with vascularity in both gliomas (correlation coefficient r = 0.499; P < 0.05) and meningiomas (correlation coefficient r = 0.779; P < 0.001).
We previously confirmed the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine treatment targeting tumor angiogenesis with synthetic peptides, for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) epitopes in recurrent HGG patients.
The downregulation of Nrf2 in glioma cells led to much lower accumulation of HIF-1α protein and limited expression of VEGF and other HIF-1α target genes in mimicking hypoxia.
Taken together, these findings indicate that carbon ion may be superior to X-ray radiation for inhibiting tumorigenesis and angiogenesis through modulation of VEGF level in the glioma microenvironment.