Importantly, the delivery efficiency of PD-L1-targeted LNPs was robustly enhanced in the context of radiation therapy (RT) owing to the RT-induced up-regulation of PD-L1 on glioma-infiltrating TAMCs.
Inhibition of IL6 signaling in orthotopic murine glioma models was associated with reduced myeloid PD-L1 expression, diminished tumor growth, and increased survival.
Glioma treatment using targeted chemotherapy is still far from satisfactory due to not only the limited accumulation but also the multiple survival mechanisms of glioma cells, including up-regulation of both autophagy and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression.
These findings suggest that combining CD48 blockade with PD-L1 may be a promising approach to glioma immunotherapy for specific subpopulations of patients.
We modified an immune-competent, genetically-driven mouse glioma model (forced PDGF expression + PTEN loss) where a portion of the tumor burden is irradiated (PDGF) and another un-irradiated luciferase expressing tumor (PDGF+Luciferase) is used as a readout of the abscopal effect following systemic anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.
Utilizing the immune checkpoint inhibitor antiprogrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) (αPD-L1) to prepare αPD-L1 Chloringlobulin, we have demonstrated a combination of Ce6-based red-light fluorescence image-guided surgery, stereotactic PDT, and PD-L1 blockade therapy of mice bearing orthotopic glioma.
Taken together, our data indicate that in glioma cells, PD-L1 is induced to prevent autophagic cytoskeleton collapse via Akt binding/activation, facilitating glioma cell invasion upon starvation stress.
Therefore, TIM-3 is a promising target for immunotherapeutic strategies, providing an alternative treatment when glioma gains resistance to antibodies of PD-1/PD-L1.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that miR-34a level was lower, but PD-L1 expression level was higher in glioma tissue specimens compared with normal brain tissues and their expression levels were negatively correlated.
Because gliomas can express PD-L1 causing a defective host anti-tumoral immunity, we investigated whether FKBP51s was expressed in glioma and played a role in PD-L1 regulation in this tumour.
Thus, further research should be conducted to assess the combination of targeted VEGF therapy and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy for the treatment of glioma.
Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) across glioma grades is undocumented, and their interactions with commonly expressed genetic and epigenetic alterations are undefined but nonetheless highly relevant to combinatorial treatments.