In focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, APOL1 variants are associated with upregulation of RNA encoding chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 3 ligands and ubiquitin D; the significance of these findings remains unclear but may provide valuable insight into disease mechanisms.
Individuals with two <i>APOL1</i> risk alleles and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) have significantly increased African ancestry at the <i>UBD</i> (also known as FAT10) locus.