In parallel, an adaptive Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) was performed on these 203 proteins, and six proteins were selected as candidates to predict early death in HF patients: complement C3, cathepsin S and F107B were decreased and MAPK5, MMP1 and MMP7 increased in patients who died of cardiovascular causes compared with patients living 3 years after HF evaluation.
A combination of circulating biomarkers associated with excessive myocardial collagen type-I cross-linking or CCL+ (i.e., decreased carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type-I to matrix metalloproteinase-1 ratio) and with excessive myocardial collagen type-I deposition or CD+ (i.e., increased carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type-I) has been described in heart failure (HF) patients and associates with poor outcomes.
[Effects of yiqi huoxue compound combined with exercise therapy on MMP-1 and collagen type III expressions of cardiac muscle in chronic heart failure rats].
Precise mRNA levels of TIMP1, MMP1, and beta-spectrin were determined using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of myocardial samples from 27 patients with deteriorating heart failure who underwent LVAD implantation, from 17 patients with stable ESF who underwent elective heart transplantation, and from 28 donor organs with good hemodynamic function.