A functional analysis of T cells from patients with acute HF revealed that the CD4<sup>+</sup>CD57<sup>+</sup> T cell population exhibited a higher frequency of IFN-γ- and TNF-α- producing cells compared to the CD4<sup>+</sup>CD57<sup>-</sup> T cell population.
The increase of plasma IL-9, and the decrease of plasma IL-5, IL-7 and IFN-γ in ICM as well as in NIDCM groups vs controls may contribute to get further insights into the inflammatory pathways involved in CHF.