Systemic inflammation without gliosis mediates cognitive deficits through impaired BDNF expression in bile duct ligation model of hepatic encephalopathy.
The rats were pretreated with CCL2 receptor inhibitors (INCB or C021, 1 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 3 days prior to thioacetamide (TAA) administration (300 mg/kg/day i.p.) for inducing HE model.
NH<sub>4</sub>Cl also attenuated LPS-induced release of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in mono-cultured microglia. mRNA level of surrogate marker for microglia activation (CD14) and for the anti-inflammatory M2-type microglia (CD163, CXCL1, CXCL2) were also elevated in post mortem brain tissue taken from the fusiforme gyrus of patients with liver cirrhosis and HE.