The blood level of Sox10 promoter methylation at the 32nd locus was 100% (90%-100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 92.29%-96.37%) in control, 90% (80%-90%; 95% CI, 82.84%-87.83%) in HD, and 60% (50%-80%; 95% CI, 57.12%-69.76%) in IND specimens.
We suggest that hypoganglionosis can be a variant intestinal manifestation associated with PCWH and that hypoganglionosis and aganglionosis may share the same pathoetiological mechanism mediated by SOX10 mutations.
It has been postulated that PCWH as a combination of Waardenburg and Hirschsprung disease, peripheral neuropathy and central leukodystrophy is caused by heterozygous SOX10 mutations that result in the presence of a dominantly acting mutant SOX10 protein in the patient.
The subject's phenotype evolved to include peripheral and central demyelination, Waardenburg syndrome type IV, and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH; MIM 609136).
SOX10 mutations are usually associated with a more severe phenotype of WS with peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, and Hirschsprung disease.
As dominant mutations in mouse or human SOX10 cause white spotting and intestinal aganglionosis, we screened the Sox10 coding region for mutations in gt/gt DNA.
SOX10 mutations have been found in patients with type II and type IV WS (i.e., with Hirschsprung disease), more complex syndromes, and partial forms of the disease.
Impairments of endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) and SOX10 have been shown to cause a significantly increased risk of dominant sensorineural deafness in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) patients.
The recent identification of a deletion encompassing three of the SOX10 regulatory elements in a patient presenting with another WS subtype, WS4, defined by its association with Hirschsprung disease, led us to search for deletions and point mutations within the MITF and SOX10 regulatory elements in 28 yet unexplained WS2 cases.
In this study we describe a case of a term infant with the neurological variant of Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (i.e., PCWH = peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung disease, as defined in OMIM #609136) due to a novel heterozygous base exchange (c.671C>G) in exon 4 of SOX10.
We describe a male infant with a novel SOX10 mutation and a severe course of PCWH--a special phenotype of Shah-Waardenburg syndrome involving peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung's disease.
Developmental processes were investigated in congenic Sox10(Dom) mice, an established Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) model, on distinct inbred backgrounds, C57BL/6J (B6) and C3HeB/FeJ (C3Fe).
This is the first time that a SOX10 mutation is detected in an isolated HSCR patient, which completely changes the scenario for the implications of SOX10 mutations in human disease, giving us a new tool for genetic counseling.
The involvement of SOX10 and ZFHX1B in Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease (hypopigmentation, deafness, and absence of enteric ganglia) and Mowat-Wilson syndrome (mental retardation, facial dysmorphy and variable congenital malformations including Hirschsprung disease) respectively, highlighted the importance of both transcription factors during enteric nervous system (ENS) development.
These results suggest that the enteric nervous system in patients with SOX10-associated Hirschsprung's disease is entirely subject to neuroglial impairment.
Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH) is a complex neurocristopathy caused by SOX10 mutations.