<b>Results:</b> Results of RT-PCR indicated that after the 12-week intervention, compared to the placebo, vitamin D supplementation downregulated gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β (<i>P</i> = 0.02), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (<i>P</i> = 0.02) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (<i>P</i> = 0.03) in PBMCs of diabetic HD patients.
Most HD patient-derived CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells expressed higher levels of CX3CR1 and produced more intracellular IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme B than their counterparts.