A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial is conducted to examine the effects of consumption of control oil, 4.2 g/d ALA, 7.2 g/d ALA, 1.8 g/d DHA+EPA, or 3.6 g/d EPA+DHA for 12 weeks on lipid profiles, fatty acid composition of PBMCs and in vitro production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by PBMCs in 123 subjects with hypercholesteremia.
Frequency of CD4CD38HLADR+ cells was negatively correlated with levels of IL-2 (<i>r</i> = -0.639, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and IL-6 (<i>r</i> = -0.0561, <i>p</i> = 0.03) in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
More interestingly, the high cholesterol diet not only improved NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β expression, but also increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-6 in the hippocampus of old mice, suggesting playing pro- and anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of 5<i>α</i>,6<i>α</i>-epoxycholesterol on experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia in rabbits, and the levels of homocysteine (HCY), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and inflammatory parameters (IL-6, TNF-<i>α</i>, CRP).
Also, EGb761 inhibited hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the kidney tissues.
Our results also showed the transversal importance of proinflammatory cytokines in different stages of atherogenesis, with special relevance of IL6 (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.56-3.49) and TNF (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.92-2.15) related to hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, Apo A, Apo B, AOPP, IMA, IL-6, and D-dimer concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with hypercholesterolemia.
The IL6 polymorphism was significantly associated (P = 0.017) to angiographic significant coronary artery disease, and this relation remained after adjustment for age, gender, smoking and hypercholesterolaemia (P = 0.007).
Multivariable logistic regression analysis and a stepwise forward selection procedure revealed that 11 different polymorphisms were significantly (P < 0.005) associated with ACI in women or men or in individuals with or without hyper-tension, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes mellitus: the 584C-->T polymorphism of LIPG, 5665G-->T of EDN1, and G-->A of CCL11 in women; 677C-->T of MTHFR, 1323C-->T of ITGB2, 3932T-->C of APOE, and -231A-->G of EDNRA in men; -572 G -->C of IL6 in hypertensive individuals; -403G-->A of CCL5 and G-->A of COMT in individuals with hypercholesterolemia; and 3932T--> C of APOE and A-->G of TNFSF4 in diabetic individuals.
Elevated IL-6 levels are important risk markers for MI in men, the risk being further enhanced through synergistic interaction with hypercholesterolaemia.