Subsequently, in vitro studies in 3T3-L1 (white) and T37i (brown) adipocytes suggest that the increased leptin and adiponectin levels were mainly driven by the elevated insulin levels.
Increased insulin as well as HOMA-IR levels and decreased adiponectin levels were found in VPA treated subjects when compared to the newly diagnosed patients.
Furthermore, CT KO mice exhibited significantly decreased fat contents in the liver, lipid droplets in adipose tissues, serum glucose, and lipid levels, and significantly increased insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels.
Ratio of low molecular weight serum adiponectin to the total adiponectin value is associated with type 2 diabetes through its relation to increasing insulin resistance.
However, these rats showed hyperinsulinemia, decreased insulin sensitivity, increased insulin resistance, down-regulated mRNA levels of adiponectin receptors in inguinal white adipose tissue (Adipor1 and Adipor2) and soleus muscle (Adipor2), and decreased levels of phosphorylated AMPK, the downstream post-receptor target of adiponectin, in the soleus muscle.
In the chronic experiment, nutraceuticals did not alter body weight or glycemic control, but improved fed hyperinsulinemia (mean difference = 30.80 mU/L, <i>p</i> = 0.044) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (mean difference = 15.29, <i>p</i> = 0.033), and plasma adiponectin levels (mean difference = -0.99 µg/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.048).
The following biomarkers were assessed in plasma samples donated by chronic disease-free women (1990) and men (1994): C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α receptor 2 (TNFαR2) and adiponectin for inflammation; estrone and estradiol for hormonal response in women, C-peptide for hyperinsulinemia; and triglycerides/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL) ratio for insulin resistance.
In conclusion, adiponectin and omentin from subcutaneous fat displayed correlations with decreased obesity and increased insulin sensitivity while visfatin showed an association with serum PYY and weight gain.
Increased insulin and decreased adiponectin levels along with endothelial dysfunction are present in normotensive subjects with FT. IR and hypoadiponectinemia are interrelated, but only hyperinsulinemia has an independent adverse influence on endothelial function.
The association of the functional promoter polymorphism rs266729 with lower serum adiponectin and increased insulin resistance in diverse ethnic groups may suggest a causal relationship between adiponectin level and insulin resistance.
The observed association between higher adiponectin levels and increased insulin sensitivity is likely to represent a causal relationship partly mediated by reduced adiposity.
Conversely, organismal iron overload and increased adipocyte ferroportin expression because of hemochromatosis are associated with decreased adipocyte iron, increased adiponectin, improved glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity.
GE treated groups improved the glucose tolerance, attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in the mice by up-regulating the adiponectin and GLUT-4 gene expressions.
The risk of PCOS, hyperandrogenism in patients with PCOS and low serum adiponectin levels cannot be directly attributed to T45Gadiponectin gene polymorphisms in exon 2, rather these polymorphisms may be associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in PCOS.
Our findings suggest that increased SBP, DBP and resting HR as well as increased insulin and resistin plasma levels and decreased adiponectin plasma levels pre-exist in young healthy offspring with positive family history for essential hypertension.
Severe obesity is associated with suppressed expression of both ApN and its receptors in both SAT and VAT, the expression levels in VAT are specifically linked with hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia.
The expressions of both resistin and adiponectin in s.c. adipose tissue are stimulated by acute hyperinsulinaemia, whereas losartan attenuates their insulin-stimulated expressions.