The study identified ACE II genotype (odds ratio = 3.02; 95% CI 1.40-6.51), smoking, hypertension, diabetes and serum triglyceride > 150 mg/dl as independent risk factors for MI.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 is a recently described member of the RAS, and this study investigated whether ACE2 polymorphisms are associated with hypertension, left ventricular (LV) mass, and cardiac function in type 2 diabetes.
The circulating ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels were related to neither rs4646155 nor rs879922 in female or male patients.In conclusion, the rs2106809 polymorphism of the ACE2 gene may be a determinant of the circulating Ang-(1-7) level in female patients with hypertension, suggesting a genetic association between circulating Ang-(1-7) levels and ACE2 gene polymorphisms in patients with hypertension.
Polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene, which is located on the X chromosome, have been associated with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in previous studies.
While RAS is composed of a sophisticated interplay between multiple factors we propose a decrease of ACE2 to enforce AngII signaling via AGTR1 to ultimately result in vasoconstriction and hypertension.
To assess which brain regions are important for ACE2 beneficial effects and the contribution of ER stress to neurogenic hypertension, we first used transgenic mice harboring a floxed neuronal hACE2 transgene (SL) and tested the impact of hACE2 knockdown in the subfornical organ (SFO) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension.
Elevated plasma ACE2 was associated with older age, male gender, hypertension and vascular disease, elevated left ventricular (LV) mass, impaired LV diastolic function and advanced atrial disease (P < 0.05 for all).
This will be accomplished by discussion of the following: (i) summary of our current understanding of the RAS with a focus on the systemic versus tissue counterparts as they relate to hypertension and other cardiovascular pathologies; (ii) the newly discovered ACE2 enzyme with its physiological and pathophysiological implications; (iii) summary of the current antihypertensive pharmacotherapy and its limitations; (iv) the discovery and design of ACE inhibitors; (v) the emerging concepts for ACE2 drug design; (vi) the current status of genetic targeting of the RAS; (vii) the potential of ACE2 as a therapeutic target for hypertension and cardiovascular disease treatment; and (viii) future perspectives for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
The present review examined recent findings regarding the physiological and biological roles of the ACE2‑Ang‑(1‑7)‑Mas axis in the cardiovascular system, discussed potential food‑derived ACE2‑activating agents, and highlighted initiatives, based on this axis, that aim to develop functional foods for the treatment of hypertension.